Farmacologia adjunta à intervenção coronária percutânea: do pré-procedimento ao seguimento tardio / Adjunctive drug therapy to percutaneous coronary intervention: from the pre-procedure to long term lowwow-up

A terapia farmacológica adjunta tem evoluído desde os primórdios da cardiologia intervencionista, contribuindo fundamentalmente para seu desenvolvimento, principalmente por meio da redução expressiva da ocorrência de sangramentos, tromboses e lesões renais. A intervenção coronária percutânea pode levar à ruptura da placa aterosclerótica, promovendo adesão, ativação e agregação plaquetárias, e possibilitando, assim, a formação de trombos que podem levar a síndromes coronárias agudas, como infarto do miocárdio, e até mesmo à morte. Os baixos índices de complicações...

Associação entre a densidade radiológica da placa à tomografia de coronárias com 64 colunas de detectores e a composição da placa ao ultrassom intravascular com técnica de histologia virtual: resultados de uma comparação pareada prospectiva / Association between plaque radiological density by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography and plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound virtual histology: results from a prospective matched comparison

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre a comparação entre métodos de avaliação da placa aterosclerótica coronária, como a tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD) e o ultrassom intravascular com técnica de histologia virtual (HV). MÉTODO: Foram analisados prospectivamente os vasos coronários principais de 21 pacientes à TCMD e à HV. Cada vaso analisado foi dividido em subsegmentos de 4 mm (unidades básicas para a análise). Os subsegmentos foram pareados conforme sua localização axial. Os limites da luz e do vaso foram traçados à HV e à TCMD com o auxílio de programas específicos. A contribuição porcentual de cada componente da placa à HV e a razão necrose:cálcio foram quantificadas. A placa à TCMD foi avaliada por sua densidade radiológica em unidades Hounsfield (UH). RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 641 subsegmentos, obtidos de 70 vasos. A contribuição porcentual dos componentes à HV foi: fibroso = 64%; fibrolipídico = 20%; núcleo necrótico = 11%; cálcio denso = 5%; e razão necrose:cálcio = 5,1. A atenuação da placa à TCMD variou de 44 UH a 440 UH. Para a análise, as placas foram divididas em três grupos de tamanhos semelhantes, conforme a densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 44-128 UH, 2º tercil: 129-178 UH, e 3º tercil: 178-440 UH). Houve correlação inversa entre a razão necrose/cálcio à HV e densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 4,1, 2º tercil: 2,9, e 3º tercil: 2,3; P < 0,01) e relação direta entre o porcentual de cálcio denso à HV e a densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 1,5%, 2º tercil: 2,5%, e 3º tercil: 3,8%; P < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A densidade da placa aterosclerótica avaliada pela TCMD em tomógrafo de 64 colunas de detectores associa-se significativamente com a composição da placa à HV.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the comparative results of coronary plaque assessment by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) against the novel intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH). METHOD: Threevessel IVUS-VH and MDCT were prospectively obtained from 21 patients. Each vessel was divided into 4-mm subsegments, which were used as the basic unit for analysis. The 4-mm subsegments were matched by their axial location. Lumen and outer vessel boundaries for IVUS-VH and for MDCT were traced by specific automatic softwares. The percent contribution of each IVUS-VH plaque tissue type and the ratio of necrotic tissue to calcium were quantified. The MDCT plaque was evaluated through its average density in Hounsfield units (HU). RESULTS: A total of 641 matched subsegments were computed from 70 vessels. Overall, the average IVUS-VH tissue composition was: fibrous = 64%; fibrofatty = 20%; necrotic tissue = 11%; dense calcium = 5%; and calcium/necrosis ratio = 5.1. MDCT average plaque attenuation ranged from 44 to 440 HU and was divided into three groups of similar size (1st tertile: 44-128 HU; 2nd tertile: 129-178 HU; 3rd tertile: 178-440 HU). There was an inverse correlation between IVUS-VH necrotic/ dense calcium ratio and MDCT plaque density (1st tertile: 4.1, 2nd tertile: 2.9, 3rd tertile: 2.3; P < 0.01) and a direct relationship between percent IVUS-VH dense calcium and MDCT plaque density (1st tertile: 1.5%, 2nd tertile: 2.5%, 3rd tertile: 3.8%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Atherosclerotic plaque density evaluated by 64-MDCT significantly associates with plaque composition assessed by IVUS-VH.

The importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet glycoprotein Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment by platelets and for the inflammatory response to vascular injury.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (a Mb 2) and platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment after vascular injury and the effect of the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction on cell proliferation and the neointimal hyperplasia triggered by the vascular injury. METHODS: A peptide called M2 or anti-M2 antibody was developed to block the Mac-1-GPIba interaction. This peptide was injected and compared to a control-peptide in C57B1/6J mice submitted to vascular injury of the femoral artery with a guide wire. One, five or 28 days after the vascular injury, the femoral arteries were removed for morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction promoted a statistically significant reduction in the number of leukocytes in the neointimal layer on the first day after the vascular injury (control: 7.9+/-5.0% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 2.0+/-1.6%, p=0.021), as well as determined a statistically significant decrease in leukocyte accumulation in the neointimal layer on days 5 and 28 (control: 42.3+/-12.9% versus anti-M2: 24.6+/-10.8%, p=0.047 and control: 7.9+/-3.0% versus anti-M2: 3.3+/-1.3%, p=0.012; respectively). Cell proliferation in the neointimal layer of the vessel five days post-injury was reduced with the blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction (control: 5.0+/-2.9% of the cell total versus anti-M2: 1.8+/-0.5%; p=0.043), along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in the vessel neointimal layer 28 days post-injury (control: 3.8+/-1.7% versus anti-M2: 2.0+/-1.2%; p=0.047). The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction also determined a statistically significant decrease of the intimal thickening 28 days post-injury (control: 10,395+/-3,549 microm(2) versus anti-M2: 4,561+/-4,915 microm(2); p=0.012). CONCLUSION: Leukocyte recruitment after a vascular injury depends on the Mac-1-GPIba interaction and the neutralization of this interaction inhibits cell proliferation and neointimal formation.

The importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 and platelet glycoprotein Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment by platelets and for the inflammatory response to vascular injury / Importância da interação entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leucócitos e a glicoproteína Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leucócitos pelas plaquetas e para a resposta inflamatória à lesão vascular

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a importância da interação entre a integrina Mac-1 dos leucócitos (a Mb 2) e a glicoproteína (GP) Iba das plaquetas para o recrutamento de leucócitos após a lesão vascular e o efeito da neutralização da interação Mac-1-GPIba sobre a proliferação celular e a hiperplasia neointimal desencadeadas por lesão vascular. MÉTODOS: Um peptídeo denominado M2 ou anticorpo anti-M2 foi desenvolvido para bloquear a interação Mac-1-GPIba . Esse peptídeo foi injetado e comparado com anticorpo-controle em camundongos C57B1/6J submetidos a lesão vascular da artéria femoral com corda-guia. Um, cinco ou 28 dias após a lesão vascular, as artérias femorais foram retiradas para a realização de morfometria e imuno-histoquímica. RESULTADOS: O bloqueio da interação Mac-1-GPIba promoveu uma redução estatisticamente significativa do número de leucócitos na camada média no primeiro dia após a lesão vascular (controle: 7,9±5,0 por cento do total de células versus anti-M2: 2,0±1,6 por cento, p=0,021), bem como determinou uma diminuição estatisticamente significativa do acúmulo de leucócitos na neoíntima em cinco e 28 dias (controle: 42,3±12,9 por cento versus anti-M2: 24,6±10,8 por cento, p=0,047 e controle: 7,9±3,0 por cento versus anti-M2: 3,3±1,3 por cento, p=0,012; respectivamente). A proliferação celular na camada média do vaso em cinco dias pós-lesão foi reduzida com o bloqueio da interação Mac-1-GPIba (controle: 5,0±2,9 por cento do total de células versus anti-M2: 1,8±0,5 por cento; p=0,043), assim como houve diminuição significativa da proliferação celular na camada íntima do vaso em 28 dias (controle: 3,8±1,7 por cento versus anti-M2: 2,0±1,2 por cento; p=0,047). O bloqueio da interação Mac-1-GPIba também determinou uma redução estatisticamente significativa do espessamento intimal em 28 dias pós-lesão (controle: 10.395±3.549 µm² versus anti-M2: 4.561±4.915 ...

OBJECTIVE: To assess the importance of the interaction between leukocyte integrin Mac-1 (a Mb 2) and platelet glycoprotein (GP) Ib-a for leukocyte recruitment after vascular injury and the effect of the neutralization of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction on cell proliferation and the neointimal hyperplasia triggered by the vascular injury. METHODS: A peptide called M2 or anti-M2 antibody was developed to block the Mac-1-GPIba interaction. This peptide was injected and compared to a control-peptide in C57B1/6J mice submitted to vascular injury of the femoral artery with a guide wire. One, five or 28 days after the vascular injury, the femoral arteries were removed for morphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. RESULTS: The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction promoted a statistically significant reduction in the number of leukocytes in the neointimal layer on the first day after the vascular injury (control: 7.9±5.0 percent of the cell total versus anti-M2: 2.0±1.6 percent, p=0.021), as well as determined a statistically significant decrease in leukocyte accumulation in the neointimal layer on days 5 and 28 (control: 42.3±12.9 percent versus anti-M2: 24.6±10.8 percent, p=0.047 and control: 7.9±3.0 percent versus anti-M2: 3.3±1.3 percent, p=0.012; respectively). Cell proliferation in the neointimal layer of the vessel five days post-injury was reduced with the blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction (control: 5.0±2.9 percent of the cell total versus anti-M2: 1.8±0.5 percent; p=0.043), along with a significant decrease in cell proliferation in the vessel neointimal layer 28 days post-injury (control: 3.8±1.7 percent versus anti-M2: 2.0±1.2 percent; p=0.047). The blocking of the Mac-1-GPIba interaction also determined a statistically significant decrease of the intimal thickening 28 days post-injury (control: 10,395±3,549 µm² versus anti-M2: 4,561±4,915 µm²; ...

Segurança e eficácia tardia do stent com eluição de paclitaxel no infarto agudo do miocárdio: um estudo caso-controle / Safety and long-term efficacy of paclitaxel-eluting stent for acute myocardial infarction: a case-control study

Introdução: A segurança e a eficácia tardia de stents com eluição de paclitaxel (SEP) ainda são debatidas no infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM). Método: Para avaliar o desempenho dos SEP em pacientes com IAM tratados com intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP), 60 pacientes foram selecionados para uma análise tipo caso-controle, comparando um grupo com SEP (TaxusTM) e um grupo controle com o stent convencional análogo (Express IITM). Os parâmetros para escolha dos controles foram o comprimento e o diâmetro do stent, e a presença de diabetes melito. Eventos cardíacos adversos maiores foram avaliados durante o seguimento clínico. Reestudo angiográfico tardio foi realizado em todos os pacientes. Avaliação ultra-sonográfica foi realizada no grupo SEP. Resultados: As características basais foram semelhantes entre os grupos. Após 24,9 ± 5,3 meses de acompanhamento, houve uma revascularização da lesão-alvo (RLA) no grupo SEP (nova ICP), e uma morte não-cardíaca, um reinfarto e seis RLA (duas cirurgias e quatro novas ICP) no grupo controle. O grupo SEP apresentou menor risco de nova revascularização (3,3% vs. 23,3%; p = 0,02). Ao reestudo angiográfico realizado, em média, 8,7 ± 3,1 meses após o procedimento índice, a perda angiográfica tardia foi de 0,21 ± 0,29 mm vs. 0,60 ± 0,76 mm (p = 0,01) e a taxa de reestenose binária foi de 3,3% vs. 33,3% (p = 0,002) nos grupos SEP e controle, respectivamente. À ultra-sonografia, o grupo SEP apresentou obstrução neointimal intra-stent porcentual média de 4,7 ± 6,8%. Má aposição do stent foi observada em 8 (34,8%) pacientes. Conclusão: O SEP (TaxusTM) mostrou-se seguro e efetivo em paciente com IAM, durante seguimento clínico de dois anos.

Background: The long-term safety and efficacy of paclitaxeleluting stents (PES) remains debated for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Method: To evaluate the performance of PES in patients with AMI treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), 60 patients were subjected to a matched analysis comparing PES stent (TaxusTM) with an analogous bare metal stent (Express IITM) control group. Matching parameters included stent length and diameter, and diabetes mellitus. Major adverse cardiac events were evaluated during follow up. Late angiographic restudy was obtained for all patients. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) evaluation was performed in PES group. Results: Baseline and procedural characteristics were similar between PES and control groups. After a mean follow-up of 24.9 ± 5.3 months, there was 1 target lesion revascularization (TLR) in the PES group (re-stenting) and 1 non cardiac death, 1 re-AMI and 6 TLR (2 surgical revascularizations and 4 re-PCI) in the control group. Patients of PES group had a lower risk of repeat revascularization (3.3 vs. 23.3%; p = 0.02). At angiographic restudy 8.7 ± 3.1 months after index procedure, angiographic late loss was 0.21 ± 0.29 vs. 0.60 ± 0.76 mm (p = 0.01) and the binary reestenosis rate was 3.3 vs. 33.3% (p = 0.002) in the PES vs. control groups respectively. At IVUS evaluation, average percent in-stent neointimal obstruction of PES group was 4.7 ± 6.8%. Stent malapposition was observed in 8 patients (34.8%). Conclusion: Paclitaxel-eluting stents (TaxusTM) appeared safe and effective in patients with acute myocardial infarction at a two-year period follow-up.

Screening for significant coronary artery disease in high-risk renal transplant candidates.

BACKGROUND: Renal transplant candidates are at an increased risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), a strong predictor of cardiovascular events [major adverse coronary events (MACE)]. Coronary angiography is a costly, risky, invasive procedure. We sought to determine clinical predictors of significant CAD (stenosis > or =70%) in high-risk renal transplant candidates. METHODS: Clinical evaluation and coronary angiography were performed in 301 patients (57+/-8 years, 73% men) on hemodialysis for 32 months (median). Patients were followed-up for 22 months (median). Inclusion criteria were diabetes (type 1 or 2), evidence of cardiovascular disease, or age > or =50 years. Risk factors included hypertension (93.7%), overweight/obesity (54.3%), dyslipidemia (44.9%), diabetes (42.1%), and smoking (24.3%). Cardiovascular disease was found as follows: peripheral arterial disease (PAD) (31.2%), angina (28.1%), stroke (12.9%), myocardial infarction (MI) (10.3%), and heart failure (9.3%). RESULTS: Significant CAD was found in 136 individuals (45.2%). Diabetes [odds ratio (OR)=1.82; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.08-3.07], PAD (OR=2.50; 95% CI=1.44-4.37), and previous MI (OR=7.75; 95% CI=3.03-23.98) were associated with significant CAD. The prevalence of significant CAD increased with the number of clinical predictors from 26% (none) to 100% (all present) (P<0.0001). The incidence of fatal/nonfatal MACE increased two, four, and sixfold in those with diabetes, PAD, or previous MI, respectively (P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: In high-risk patients with end-stage renal disease, the prevalence of CAD and the incidence of MACE were high. Significant CAD or cardiovascular complications were not related to the majority of classic risk factors. Patients with diabetes, PAD, or previous MI are at higher risk of CAD, MACE, or both and, thus, must be referred for invasive diagnostic procedures.

Echocardiographic and hemodynamic determinants of right coronary artery flow reserve and phasic flow pattern in advanced non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.

BACKGROUND: In patients with advanced non-ischemic cardiomyopathy (NIC), right-sided cardiac disturbances has prognostic implications. Right coronary artery (RCA) flow pattern and flow reserve (CFR) are not well known in this setting. The purpose of this study was to assess, in human advanced NIC, the RCA phasic flow pattern and CFR, also under right-sided cardiac disturbances, and compare with left coronary circulation. As well as to investigate any correlation between the cardiac structural, mechanical and hemodynamic parameters with RCA phasic flow pattern or CFR. METHODS: Twenty four patients with dilated severe NIC were evaluated non-invasively, even by echocardiography, and also by cardiac catheterization, inclusive with Swan-Ganz catheter. Intracoronary Doppler (Flowire) data was obtained in RCA and left anterior descendent coronary artery (LAD) before and after adenosine. Resting RCA phasic pattern (diastolic/systolic) was compared between subgroups with and without pulmonary hypertension, and with and without right ventricular (RV) dysfunction; and also with LAD. RCA-CFR was compared with LAD, as well as in those subgroups. Pearson's correlation analysis was accomplished among echocardiographic (including LV fractional shortening, mass index, end systolic wall stress) more hemodynamic parameters with RCA phasic flow pattern or RCA-CFR. RESULTS: LV fractional shortening and end diastolic diameter were 15.3 +/- 3.5 % and 69.4 +/- 12.2 mm. Resting RCA phasic pattern had no difference comparing subgroups with vs. without pulmonary hypertension (1.45 vs. 1.29, p = NS) either with vs. without RV dysfunction (1.47 vs. 1.23, p = NS); RCA vs. LAD was 1.35 vs. 2.85 (p < 0.001). It had no significant correlation among any cardiac mechanical or hemodynamic parameter with RCA-CFR or RCA flow pattern. RCA-CFR had no difference compared with LAD (3.38 vs. 3.34, p = NS), as well as in pulmonary hypertension (3.09 vs. 3.10, p = NS) either in RV dysfunction (3.06 vs. 3.22, p = NS) subgroups. CONCLUSION: In patients with chronic advanced NIC, RCA phasic flow pattern has a mild diastolic predominance, less marked than in LAD, with no effects from pulmonary artery hypertension or RV dysfunction. There is no significant correlation between any cardiac mechanical-structural or hemodynamic parameter with RCA-CFR or RCA phasic flow pattern. RCA flow reserve is still similar to LAD, independently of those right-sided cardiac disturbances.

[Angiographic geometric predictors of myocardial infarction are not associated with ultrasonographic markers of plaque vulnerability]. / Preditores geométricos angiográficos de infarto do miocárdio não são associados com marcadores ultra-sonográficos de vulnerabilidade da placa.

OBJECTIVE: Some angiographic geometric features of coronary lesions have recently been described as independent predictors of myocardial infarction. The purpose of this study was to correlate these geometric markers with intravascular ultrasound findings known to be associated with greater vulnerability to plaque rupture. METHODS: A total of 30 patients with stable coronary syndromes and de novo lesions (31 lesions) underwent coronary angiography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). For each lesion, angiographic geometric features (degree of symmetry, degree of stenosis, lesion length, and outflow angle) were correlated with the following ultrasound variables: type of plaque (soft, fibrous, mixed, or calcified), plaque burden and remodeling index. RESULTS: Mean lesion length was 9.2 +/- 4.4 mm, percent stenosis was 50.0% to 89.0% (mean 67.7 +/- 12.1%), inflow angles ranged from 8.48 degrees to 48.78 degrees (mean 24.0 +/- 11.4 degrees), outflow angles ranged from 8.30 degrees to 53.03 degrees (mean 23.8 +/- 11.7 degrees), and the symmetry index ranged from 0 to 1 (mean 0.56 +/- 0.32). On ultrasound evaluation, frequency of soft or calcified plaques, positive remodeling, and magnitude of plaque burden were not associated with any angiographic geometric feature (p > 0.05 for all analysis). CONCLUSION: Angiographic geometric features that predispose to acute occlusion do not correlate with IVUS morphologic and quantitative findings associated with plaque vulnerability.

Preditores geométricos angiográficos de infarto do miocárdio não são associados com marcadores ultra-sonográficos de vulnerabilidade da placa / Angiographic geometric predictors of myocardial infarction are not associated with ultrasonographic markers of plaque vulnerability

OBJETIVO: Certas características geométricas angiográficas de lesões coronarianas foram descritas como preditoras independentes de um futuro infarto do miocárdio. O objetivo deste estudo foi correlacionar esses marcadores com achados do ultra-som intracoronariano sabidamente associados com maior vulnerabilidade à ruptura de placa. MÉTODOS: Estudou-se 30 pacientes com síndromes coronarianas estáveis e lesões de novo (31 lesões) com angiografia e ultra-som intracoronariano. Para cada lesão as características geométricas angiográficas (grau de simetria, grau de estenose, comprimento da lesão e ângulo de saída) foram correlacionadas com as variáveis ultra-sonográficas: tipo de placa (mole, fibrosa, mista ou calcificada), área porcentual de placa e índice de remodelamento. RESULTADOS: O comprimento médio da lesão foi de 9,2 ± 4,4 mm, o porcentual de estenose foi de 50,0 por cento a 89,0 por cento (média 67,7 ± 12,1 por cento), ângulos de entrada variaram de 8,48° a 48,78° (média 24,0 ± 11,4°), ângulos de saída variaram de 8,30° a 53,03° (média 23,8 ± 11,7°) e o índice de simetria variou de 0 a 1 (média 0,56 ± 0,32). A avaliação com ultra-som intracoronariano, freqüência de placas moles ou calcificadas, remodelamento positivo e magnitude da área porcentual de placa não foram associados com nenhuma característica geométrica angiográfica (p > 0,05 para todas as análises). CONCLUSÃO: Características geométricas angiográficas que predis-põem à oclusão aguda não se correlacionam com achados morfológicos e quantitativos do ultra-som intracoronariano associados com a vulnerabilidade da placa.

Remodelamento da artéria torácica interna direita: novo método de análise pela área coronariana revascularizada / Remodeling of the right internal thoracic artery: new method of analysis using the coronary area grafted

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os fatores angiográficos no remodelamento da artéria torácica interna (ATI) direita por novo método quantitativo com a área coronariana revascularizada. MÉTODO: No período entre janeiro de 1992 e 2002, 452 pacientes foram submetidos à revascularização do miocárdio (RM) com ATI bilateral. Desta amostra, 32 pacientes com ponte de ATI direita "in situ" pelo seio transverso foram reestudados por meio de cineangiocoronariografia (CATE). Os filmes foram analisados na plataforma CASS II®. Quanto aos critérios angiográficos, foram medidos os diâmetros proximal e distal das ATIs, área coronariana da artéria revascularizada, pontuação pela escala de fluxo de TIMI, diâmetro de estenose proximal, dominância de fluxo e presença de ramos acessórios patentes. RESULTADOS: O período médio de acompanhamento foi de 42 meses, variando de 6 a 204 meses. As medidas da ATID proximal foram de 2,639 mm ± 0,09 e distal de 2,159 mm ± 0,1 (p<0,001). A variável área coronariana correspondente à artéria marginal apresentou um coeficiente de ß de 0,424 (p<0,001) e o diâmetro de estenose da marginal um coeficiente de ß de 0,55 (p<0,0001) ajustados por peso, altura, intervalo cirurgia/CATE, escala de fluxo de TIMI "flow" , classificação de angina e Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica (HAS), com R² ajustado de 0,696 (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÃO: Na amostra estudada, por critérios angiográficos quantitativos, a área coronariana revascularizada e o diâmetro de estenose proximal apresentaram-se como fatores independentes no remodelamento da ATID, no pós-operatório de RM.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze angiographic factors related to remodeling of the right internal thoracic artery (RITA) using a new quantitative technique of the target coronary grafting area. METHOD: In the period from January 1992 to 2002, 452 consecutive patients were submitted to coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with RITA "in situ" through the transverse sinus. In this sample, 32 patients were submitted to at least one postoperative coronariography study after receiving RITA grafts. The studies were analyzed by the CASS II® software. The angiographic criteria assessed were the proximal and distal diameters of the RITA, coronary area irrigated by the target vessel, TIMI flow score, quantitative coronary angiography(QCA), dominant flow grade and the existence of patent lateral branches of the RITA. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 42 months, ranging from 6 to 204 months. The mean proximal diameter of the RITA was of 2.639 mm ± 0.09 and the distal diameter was 2.159 mm ± 0.1 (p < 0.001). The coronary irrigated by the target marginal branch presented a ß coefficient of 0.424 (p=0.001) and diameter of the stenosis (QCA) of the marginal branch gave a ß coefficient of 0.55 (p=0.001) adjusted by weight, height, time surgery/study, TIMI flow score, angina functional class and systemic hypertension. Multiple regression modeling demonstrated an adjusted R2 of 0.696 (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study, using angiographic evaluation, demonstrated that the coronary area and proximal diameter (QCA) of the marginal branch stenosis were independent factors in RITA remodeling in the postoperative of CABG.

[Intracoronary inflammatory markers after percutaneous coronary interventions]. / Marcadores inflamatórios intracoronarianos após intervenções coronarianas percutâneas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze intracoronary release of inflammatory markers (IM) after percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) and compare their concentrations concerning the type of PCI used (rotablator vs. balloon angioplasty). METHODS: Twenty-two patients with average age of 60 +/- 11.9 years old, 12 of male sex, with stable coronary disease, submitted to elective treatment of a single coronary lesion, using rotablator (N = 11) or balloon pre-dilatation (N = 11) for stent implant were randomized. Samples were collected at aorta root and coronary sinus, immediately before and 15 minutes after intervention. All dosages were made before stent implant, and the cytokines TNF-a, IL-6 and IL-1 and the soluble adhesion molecules ICAM-1, E-selectin and P-selectin were analyzed by using ELISA method. RESULTS: TNF-a and IL-6 concentrations increased after PCI, respectively from 9.5 +/- 1.5 pg/ml to 9.9 +/- 1.8 pg/ml (p = 0.017) and from 6.0 +/- 2.4 pg/ml to 6.9 +/- 3.0 pg/ml (p < 0.001). There was no significant changes in IL-1, ICAM-1 and P-selectin, and a decrease in E-selectin concentrations after the procedures (52.0 +/- 17.5 ng/ml to 49.3 +/- 18.7 ng/ml; p = 0.009) was observed. There were no significant differences between IM concentrations after PCI, concerning the type of procedure used. CONCLUSION: At the early period, post-percutaneous coronary interventions, an increase of intracoronary concentrations of TNF-a and IL-6, and absence of significant difference between concentrations of inflammatory markers released in coronary flow through rotablator and balloon angioplasty were observed.

Marcadores inflamatórios intracoronarianos após intervenções coronarianas percutâneas / Intracoronary inflammatory markers after percutaneous coronary interventions

OBJETIVO: Analisar a liberação intracoronariana de marcadores inflamatórios (MI) após intervenções coronarianas percutâneas (ICP) e comparar suas concentrações com relação ao tipo de ICP utilizada (rotablator vs angioplastia por balão). MÉTODOS: Foram randomizados 22 pacientes com média de idade de 60±11,9 anos, 12 do sexo masculino, portadores de síndromes coronarianas estáveis, submetidos ao tratamento eletivo de uma única lesão coronariana utilizando rotablator (N=11) ou pré-dilatação por balão (N=11) para implante de stents. As amostras foram colhidas na raiz da aorta e no seio coronariano, imediatamente antes e 15 minutos após as intervenções. Todas as dosagens foram feitas antes do implante do stent, sendo analisadas as citocinas TNF-a, IL-6 e IL-1 e as moléculas de adesão solúveis ICAM-1, E-selectina e P-selectina, utilizando o método ELISA. RESULTADOS: As concentrações de TNF-a e IL-6 aumentaram após as ICP, passando respectivamente de 9,5±1,5 pg/ml para 9,9±1,8 pg/ml (p=0,017) e de 6,0±2,4 pg/ml para 6,9±3,0 pg/ml (p<0,001). Não houve mudança significativa na expressão de IL-1, ICAM-1 e P-selectina, observando-se diminuição nas concentrações de E-selectina após os procedimentos (52,0±17,5 ng/ml para 49,3±18,7 ng/ml; p=0,009). Não houve diferença significativa entre as concentrações dos MI após as ICP, com relação ao tipo de procedimento utilizado. CONCLUSAO: No período precoce, pós-intervenções coronarianas percutâneas, observou-se aumento das concentrações intracoronárias de TNF-a e IL-6 e ausência de diferença significativa entre as concentrações dos marcadores inflamatórios liberados na circulação coronariana por rotablator e pela angioplastia com balão.

[Comparative study between the therapeutic effects of surgical myocardial revascularization and coronary angioplasty in equivalent ischemic situations: analysis through myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sestamibi]. / Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terapêuticos da revascularização cirúrgica do miocárdio e angioplastia coronária em situações isquêmicas equivalentes: análise através da cintilografia do miocárdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the myocardial ischemic load to previous and after myocardial revascularization. METHODS: Ninety-six randomized patients, carriers of multivessel coronary artery disease, stable angina, preserved left ventricular function, and exercise-induced myocardial ischemia treated with revascularization (SMR) or coronary angioplasty (TCA). Myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sestamibi was performed prior to and 6 months after myocardial revascularization. RESULTS: The SMR determined a significant greater index of complete revascularization (p=0.001), an increase in the number of maximum ergometric tests (p=0.001) and reduction in the number of positive ergometric tests with exercise angina (p=0.018). Both procedures provided an important improvement in the functional class of angina (p=0.001), an increase in the average value of double peak product (p=0.009), and the time of exercise tolerance (p<0.001), besides the reduction in the average value of the summed of exercise score (p<0.001) and the difference of the summed of scores (p<0.001) in both groups. CONCLUSION: TCA and SMR did not differ significantly concerning the reduction of myocardial ischemic load 6 months after the procedure. The myocardial revascularization was more complete with the SMR than the TCA, but it did not represent a significant factor for the reduction myocardial ischemic load.

Estudo comparativo entre os efeitos terapêuticos da revascularizacão cirúrgica do miocárdio e angioplastia coronária em situacões isquêmicas equivalentes: análise através da cintilografia do miocárdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi / Comparative study between the therapeutic effects of surgical myocardial revascularization and coronary angioplasty in equivalent ischemic situations: analysis through myocardial scintigraphy with 99mTc-Sestamibi

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a carga isquêmica do miocárdio prévia e ulterior à revascularizacão do miocárdio. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 96 pacientes randomizados, portadores de doenca arterial coronariana multivascular, angina estável, funcão do ventrículo esquerdo preservada e isquemia miocárdica esforco-induzida tratados com revascularizacão cirúrgica (RCM) ou angioplastia coronariana (ATC). Cintilografia do miocárdio com 99mTc-Sestamibi foi realizada antes e 6 meses após a revascularizacão do miocárdio. RESULTADOS: A RCM determinou índice significantemente maior de revascularizacão completa (p=0,001), aumento no número de testes ergométricos máximos (p=0,001) e reducão no número de testes ergométricos positivos com angina de esforco (p=0,018). Ambos os procedimentos ofereceram melhora importante na classe funcional da angina (p=0,001), aumento no valor médio do duplo produto de pico (p=0,009), e do tempo de tolerância ao esforco (p<0,001), além de reducão no valor médio da somatória do escore do esforco (p<0,001) e da diferenca da somatória dos escores (p<0,001) nos dois grupos. CONCLUSAO: ATC e RCM não diferiram significantemente quanto à reducão da carga isquêmica do miocárdio 6 meses após o procedimento. A revascularizacão do miocárdio foi mais completa com a RCM do que com a ATC, mas não representou fator significante para reducão da carga isquêmica do miocárdio.